Nicholas Mulder explores the historical use of economic sanctions. He uncovers how this coercive wartime tool was turned into a peacekeeping instrument with unintended consequences.

For ten years, the Ecuadorian concept of security starkly contrasted to traditional crime prevention models that emphasise the reactive and repressive role of the police. The government legalised gangs, and crime dropped dramatically.

The Marshall Plan is again in the news.  This is due to its upcoming 75th anniversary as well as the need to discuss post conflict reconstruction in Ukraine.