Philip Brenner is emeritus professor of international relations and history at American University, Washington, DC. He received his Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University and his B.A. in history from Columbia University. His most recent books are Contemporary Cuba: The Post-Castro Era (Rowman and Littlefield, 2023) and Cuba Libre: A 500-Year Quest for Independence (Rowman and Littlefield, 2018).